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Intermolecular Forces: Van der Waals Force, Hydrogen Bond, Hydrophobic Effect

Physical Chemistry

Molecules may attract or repel each other. This is called an interaction. In chemistry, an interaction refers to molecules that affect each other. Also, in many cases, interactions refer to a state in which molecules are attracted to each other. Interactions are different from molecules bonding together to form covalent bonds. If a new bond […]

What Difference LC/MS/MS and MS/MS? Principles and Protein Identification

Physical Chemistry

It is important to analyze the structure of chemical compounds to find out what compounds are present in the solution. By analyzing the structure of these compounds, it is possible to investigate the molecules and proteins. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) and MS (mass spectrometry) are frequently used as methods to investigate what substances are […]

HPLC: Methods and Principles of Reversed-Phase Chromatography

Physical Chemistry

Chromatography is an experimental operation for the separation of substances. One of the most common experimental operations in chromatography is HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). High performance liquid chromatography is used in almost every laboratory, including physical chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. Although the experiments performed vary from lab to lab, HPLC is the analytical […]

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Weight and Mass Spectra in MS

Physical Chemistry

When determining the structure of a compound or detecting what compounds are present, one of the best methods is mass spectrometry (MS). When measuring a known compound, mass spectrometry can determine if it is the target compound with a high probability. Even if it is an unknown compound, mass spectrometry can be used to measure […]

HOMO and LUMO: Energy of Bonding Orbital and Antibonding Orbital

Organic Chemistry

In both physical and organic chemistry, it’s important to understand the state of atoms. We learn how atoms bond with each other to form molecules. Knowing the state of these bonds allows us to understand how the synthetic reactions of organic compounds proceed. The bonding of molecules is known as HOMO and LUMO. These are […]

Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rules: Learn About Electron Placement and Orbits

Organic Chemistry

One of the things we learn in physical and organic chemistry is the state of electron orbitals. By learning how electrons exist, you will be able to understand the state of molecules. However, the electron states studied in quantum mechanics are abstract and unusually difficult to understand. For example, there are many people who try […]

Fluorescence Spectra: Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Phosphorescence

Physical Chemistry

One of the most widely used methods of analysis is the measurement of light. By irradiating light, it is possible to check how much of a compound is present there. The UV-visible absorption spectrum is a well-known measurement technique that utilizes light, and is used in many research institutions. In addition to detecting ultraviolet and […]

Raman Spectra: Energy of Raman Spectroscopy, Difference from IR Spectra

Physical Chemistry

When we want to measure the state of a substance, we have to analyze it. There are various methods of analysis, and one of them is Raman spectroscopy. Molecules vibrate with each other. By examining the degree of vibration between these molecules, we can check what happens to the compound. We shine a light on […]

IR Spectra (Infrared Absorption Spectra): Vibration and Fingerprint Area

Physical Chemistry

There are various methods of analyzing compounds. One of these analysis methods is infrared spectroscopy. This analysis method is used to analyze organic compounds to determine what kind of functional groups (substituents) are included in the compounds. However, among analysis methods, IR spectra (infrared absorption spectra) have few advantages and many disadvantages in terms of […]

Absorbance of UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum: Beer–Lambert Law

Physical Chemistry

A large number of laboratories use absorbance when analyzing in experimental manipulations. By measuring how much light passes through, you can measure how much of a substance is present in the solution. Alternatively, it can be used to check how far a reaction has progressed. When experimenting with biological systems, we frequently use absorbance to […]