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s and p orbitals, sp3, sp2, sp Hybrid Orbitals: The Concept of Hybridization and Electronic Orbitals

Organic Chemistry

In organic chemistry, it is important to determine the state of the electrons. This is because the movement of electrons causes reactions to occur between organic compounds. However, when studying organic chemistry in advanced academic institutions such as universities, there is one thing that many people do not understand: electron orbitals. This is because the […]

σ- and π-bonds: Differences in Energy, Reactivity, meaning of Covalent and Double Bonds

Organic Chemistry

When studying chemistry in college, one thing that many people do not understand is the σ bond (sigma bond) and the π bond (pi bond). Because we don’t understand the meaning of these two bonds, we cannot understand what the professor is talking about in the lecture. Essentially, the concept of σ-bonds and π-bonds is […]

Column Chromatography: Separating Compounds and Determine the Developing Solvent

Physical Chemistry

Chromatography is a method of separating substances completely. There are several types of chromatography, of which column chromatography is the most frequently used in laboratories that deal with organic compounds. A type of adsorption chromatography is column chromatography. It uses an adsorbent called silica gel to separate several organic compounds that are mixed together. Column […]

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC): Principles, Rf values and Developing Solvent

Physical Chemistry

In a laboratory that mainly focuses on the synthesis and separation of organic compounds, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is an analytical technique that is used every day. Typically, chromatography is used to separate substances. Of course, thin-layer chromatography can also separate compounds. However, rather than separating a large number of compounds that have been synthesized or […]

Adsorption Chromatography: Principles, Silica Gel Stationary Phase, and Interactions

Physical Chemistry

Chromatography is very important in the separation of compounds. Adsorption chromatography is one of the most common methods used. Adsorption chromatography is also called normal phase chromatography. Although they are not exactly the same, for the sake of clarity, we can understand that adsorption chromatography is almost the same as normal phase chromatography. Compared to […]

NMR Coupling of Benzene Rings: Ortho-Meta Peak and Chemical Shifts

Physical Chemistry

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is important when determining the structure of a compound. By studying the environment of the protons (hydrogen), you will be able to guess the structural formula. However, when you use NMR, one thing that requires special knowledge is the benzene ring. If you don’t understand the benzene ring and how it […]

Needs, Wants, and Demands: The three basic concepts in marketing (with Examples)

Marketing

As a marketer, you must understand well about the difference of Needs, Wants, and Demands. This article explains detail about Needs, Wants, and Demands with examples. After reading this article, you will understand not only the overall concept of Needs, Wants, and Demands, but also the difference of each. Let’s start learning about Needs, Wants, […]

Principles of NMR: How to Read Spectra and Couplings

Physical Chemistry

One thing that is used by a large number of chemistry researchers is NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). In particular, laboratories that specialize in organic chemistry or need to determine the structure of compounds frequently use NMR. There are two types of such NMR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. 1H-NMR is the most commonly used NMR technique, and […]